🗞️Today’s Headlines

Everything important that’s ever happened on September 23:

1779 – John Paul Jones captured the British ship HMS Serapis in a daring battle near England, securing a key victory for the American Revolution and earning him the title Father of the American Navy.

1806 – Lewis and Clark completed their two-year expedition and returned to St. Louis after mapping newly acquired US territories and gathering vital geographic and cultural information.

1862 – Otto von Bismarck became Prussian prime minister, which led to military reforms and the orchestrating of wars that ultimately unified Germany under Prussian leadership by 1871.

1875 – At 15, Billy the Kid was arrested for stealing food in New Mexico. This marked the beginning of his infamous outlaw career, which ended with his death at 21.

1868 – Puerto Rican revolutionaries led an unsuccessful uprising in Lares, seeking independence from Spain. Though quickly suppressed, it became a lasting symbol of Puerto Rico’s struggle for self-determination.

1932 – King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud unified Hejaz and Najd and formed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, marking the beginning of the modern Saudi state.

1980 – Despite battling cancer, Bob Marley delivered his final performance in Pittsburgh during his Uprising tour, just months before his death in 1981.

🎂 Today’s Birthdays

On September 23, we’re singing to:

Augustus (63 BCE) – Augustus was a Roman emperor, an architect of the Roman Empire, and an initiator of the Pax Romana.

John Coltrane (1926) – A musician and jazz innovator, known for pushing musical boundaries.

Bruce Springsteen (1949) – A singer and an iconic voice of the American working class, known as "The Boss."

 🪦Who Died Today?

On September 23, we’re saying goodbye to:

Sigmund Freud (1939) – Austrian psychoanalyst, the founder of psychoanalysis, and an influential figure in modern psychology.

Pablo Neruda (1973) – Chilean poet, Nobel laureate, and one of the most important literary voices of the 20th century.

How Am I Doing?